Notes on Tuvalu

Proof of Global Warming, thanks to Dale and those clever Thais.

Dale and I decided we would go live on Tuvalu and personally measure the rising or falling ocean level during rum breaks, not that there is a causal relationship there.

The ocean rising threat was made popular by the Daily Mirror in London and the Washington Post back in 2002 or 2003. It doesn't matter enough to look it up. The CATO Institute mocked the articles saying a recent Science magazine piece contradicted the panic invoked in the Washington Post article.

I looked into this claim and didn't find that the magazine said sea levels had actually decreased. It did say how terribly difficult it is to say one way or the other.

The lack of any real data was intriguing. You would think we knew more about the ocean level, but, then again, how? What do you measure the ocean against? Surely not sea level.

The CATO article claimed you can't measure it against the Tuvalu beach. The beach being smaller, in some places, because the sand was being removed for building. This argument seems to be somewhat supported by a Chinese study noted below. That study concluded there was inappropriate human activity in areas showing signs of reduced beach, etc. and not much evidence that the ocean was creeping in on the poor folks.

I have collected some abstracts and have listed them below along with links. Let me grossly summarize by saying this oceanography seems a young science with precious little firm stuff to grab onto regarding sea level. It is hard to walk on water. The scientists seem to agree that the last hundred years saw a sea rise, sort of and more or less depending where you are, of 1.8 mm/y give or take one or two tenths of a mm. [what the hell is that in metric speak?]

The rise for the this long period remains unexplained by scientists, except by the unnamed ones at the IPCC who say the 1990's 3mm/yr increase was caused by thermal expansion of the water, more than half the increase, and the rest by glacial run off. I didn't find any studies anywhere that even mentioned such notions. There is an AGU abstract (boy, I hope these abstracts aren't hoaxes) that has similar higher numbers in places measured but says such flucuation is within the error posited by prior estimates. The curious language is that they were looking at the excess rise in sea level, as though a rise in the 2mm area is the norm.

By the way, 1 mm is a thousandth of a m. A m is the socialist term for almost a yard. They call the m a meter, oh, sorry, a metre. One mm, or 3.2808×10⁻³ feet, is really small. Another way to think about it is the Gene Standard Units. Two mm = the diameter of my pencil's lead, the GU. So, the oceans have been increasing by one Gene Unit per year, more or less. You can see the difficulty of trying to measure an increase in the sea by Gene Units. At the current rate of increase, even assuming the IPCC's rate of 1.5 GU/yr, in a hundred years there will be nearly, using God's measurements, almost a foot rise.

OK, to be honest that is something to ponder. By itself, such a rise would be meaningless to humans over a 100 years, again assuming constant increase, so the focus of concern needs to be on the notion that the earth's ice will melt rapidly in significant amounts. If so, then you need to buy that house on a good rise.

What I found curious is that one study found the Mediterranean Sea to have been actually lowering since the 1960's (-1.3 mm/yr) when other places maintained the old rate or slightly lower rate of increase, i.e. not the IPCC's 3 mm/yr. As the title indicates, the lowering is said to be consistent with the warming and increasing salt content of the water. Other articles, as well as the IPCC, posit that seal level was rising because of the warming of the water. I don't think it can be both, can it? Any answers out there?

By the way, from what I learned, you don't want to move to TUVALU for reasons other than inundation. Maybe Hawaii? Or, the new resort Sitka.

Some light reading:

Xue Chunting ¹

(1)	Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, 266071 Qingdao, P.R.China

Received: 29 December 2003 Accepted: 25 June 2004

Abstract Studies on land loss in Tuvalu reveal the following findings. Although both sea level rise and coastal erosion can cause land loss in the tropic Pacific oceanic islands, their mechanisms are different. When sea level rises, the low elevation coastal zone submerges and the erosion datum plane rises, the beach process progresses normally as always, resulting in no beach sediment coarsening. When the sea level is stable, coastal erosion removes finer sediment from reef flat, beach and land, resulting in beach sediment coarsening. The human-induced coastal erosion in the tropic Pacific oceanic islands has the following features. 1) Erosion occurs or intensifies immediately after inappropriate human activities. 2) It occurs near the places having human activities and places related to the above places in sediment supply. 3) It often occurs on original prograding or stable coasts (on lagoon coasts for atolls) because there are more coastal engineering projects and other human activities on such coasts. 4) It is chronic, covering a long period of time. The coastal geological events in Tuvalu islands do not accord with the features resulted from sea level rise but do accord with the features resulted from coastal erosion, particularly from human-induced erosion. The land loss in Tuvalu is mainly caused by inappropriate human activities including coastal engineering and aggregate mining, and partly caused by cyclones. Moreover, all recent measurements (satellite altimetry, thermosteric sea level data and tide observations) so far have not been able to verify any sea level rise around Tuvalu islands.

Key Words sea level rise - land loss - coastal erosion - artificial channel - aggregate mining

---

Xue Chunting Email: chunting@qingdao.cngb.com

LINK


Link

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 27, NO. 12, PAGES 1731–1734, 2000

Sea level drop in the Mediterranean sea: An indicator of deep water salinity and temperature changes?

Michael N. Tsimplis

James Rennell Division for Ocean Circulation and Climate, Southampton Oceanography Centre and Institute of Maritime Law, University of Southampton, United Kingdom

Trevor F. Baker

Centre for Coastal and Marine Sciences, Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, Bidston Observatory, United Kingdom

Abstract

Coastal sea level data from seven tide gauges in the Western Mediterranean and the Adriatic show decreasing sea levels after 1960. Control stations in the Black Sea and in the northeastern Atlantic indicate sea levels still rising after 1960. The sea level trend in the Mediterranean before 1960 was between 1.2 and 1.5 mm yr⁻¹, while in the Atlantic and the Black Sea stations it was between 1.8 and 2.2 mm yr⁻¹. After 1960 the sea level in the Mediterranean is decreasing with rates up to −1.3 mm yr⁻¹, while in the Black Sea the sea level trend remains unaltered and at the Atlantic stations sea level keeps rising with reduced rates of 1.0–1.2 mm yr⁻¹. The change of the Mediterranean sea level trends, which is in excess of the sea level trend reduction at the Atlantic sites, is consistent with increases in temperature and salinity of the Mediterranean Deep Water. The reduction of sea level trends at the Atlantic sites is probably related to the North Atlantic Oscillation. © 2000 American Geophysical Union

Index Terms:

GLOBAL SEA RISE: A REDETERMINATION Journal Surveys in Geophysics Publisher Springer Netherlands ISSN 0169-3298 (Print) 1573-0956 (Online) Issue Volume 18, Numbers 2-3 / May, 1997 DOI 10.1023/A:1006544227856 Pages 279-292 Subject Collection Earth and Environmental Science SpringerLink Date Monday, October 25, 2004

Add to marked items Add to shopping cart Add to saved items Permissions & Reprints Recommend this article

GLOBAL SEA RISE: A REDETERMINATION

Bruce C. Douglas¹

(1)	Department of Geography, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

Abstract It is well established that sea level trends obtained from tide gauge records shorter than about 50-60 years are corrupted by interdecadal sea level variation. However, only a fraction (<25%) href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/p364381652174757/"> LINK

Seasonal global mean sea level change from satellite altimeter, GRACE, and geophysical models Journal Journal of Geodesy Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg ISSN 0949-7714 (Print) 1432-1394 (Online) Issue Volume 79, Number 9 / December, 2005 Category Original Article DOI 10.1007/s00190-005-0005-9 Pages 532-539 Subject Collection Earth and Environmental Science SpringerLink Date Friday, November 11, 2005

Add to marked items Add to shopping cart Add to saved items Permissions & Reprints Recommend this article

Original Article

Seasonal global mean sea level change from satellite altimeter, GRACE, and geophysical models

J. L. Chen¹ , C. R. Wilson^{1, 2} , B. D. Tapley¹, J. S. Famiglietti³ and Matt Rodell⁴

(1)	Center for Space Research, 3925 W. Braker Lane, Suite 200, Austin, TX 78759-5321, USA

(2)	Department of Geological Science, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1100, Austin, TX 78712-0254, USA

(3)	Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA

(4)	Hydrological Sciences Branch, Code 614.3, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

Received: 5 May 2005 Accepted: 9 August 2005 Published online: 10 November 2005

Abstract We estimate seasonal global mean sea level changes using different data resources, including sea level anomalies from satellite radar altimetry, ocean temperature and salinity from the World Ocean Atlas 2001, time-variable gravity observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission, and terrestrial water storage and atmospheric water vapor changes from the NASA global land data assimilation system and National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis atmospheric model. The results from all estimates are consistent in amplitude and phase at the annual period, in some cases with remarkably good agreement. The results provide a good measure of average annual variation of water stored within atmospheric, land, and ocean reservoirs. We examine how varied treatments of degree-2 and degree-1 spherical harmonics from GRACE, laser ranging, and Earth rotation variations affect GRACE mean sea level change estimates. We also show that correcting the standard equilibrium ocean pole tide correction for mass conservation is needed when using satellite altimeter data in global mean sea level studies. These encouraging results indicate that is reasonable to consider estimating longer-term time series of water storage in these reservoirs, as a way of tracking climate change.

Keywords Sea level change - Global - Seasonal - GRACE - Altimeter - Hydrology

---

J. L. Chen Email: chen@csr.utexas.edu Phone: +1-512-2326218 Fax: +1-512-4713570

C. R. Wilson Email: crwilson@mail.utexas.edu

J. S. Famiglietti Email: jfamigli@uci.edu

Matt Rodell Email: Matthew.Rodell@nasa.gov

References secured to subscribers. LINK

	Become an AGU Member Subscribe to AGU Journals
Subscriber Access to Full Article (Nonsubscribers may purchase for $9.00, Includes print PDF, file size: 1169575 bytes) JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 110, C09006, doi:10.1029/2004JC002817, 2005 Sea level rise and the warming of the oceans in the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) ocean reanalysis James A. Carton Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA Benjamin S. Giese Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA Semyon A. Grodsky Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA Abstract A new reanalysis of the global ocean circulation is used to distinguish between the steric and eustatic components of sea level rise. Recent altimeter observations indicate an increase in the rate of sea level rise during the past decade to 3.2 mm/yr, well above the centennial estimate of 1.5–2 mm/yr. This apparent increase could have resulted from enhanced melting of continental ice or from decadal changes in thermosteric and halosteric effects. The contribution from steric effects is explored using the new eddy-permitting Simple Ocean Data Assimilation version 1.2 (SODA1.2) reanalysis of global temperature, salinity, and sea level spanning the period 1958–2001. The applicability of this ocean reanalysis for sea level studies is evaluated by comparing subseasonal variability with a collection of 20 tide gauge station sea level records, comprising a total of 740 years of data. A positive relationship is found at all gauge stations, with an average correlation of r = 0.7 after correction for the inverted barometer effect. Dynamic height calculated relative to 1000m from the SODA1.2 reanalysis, used as a proxy for the steric component of sea level, is compared with satellite-derived sea level for the years 1993–2001. During this 9-year period dynamic height increases at a global rate of 2.3 ± 0.8 mm yr−1, a substantial acceleration beyond the multidecadal steric rate of 0.5 mm yr−1. The similarity of the rate of increase in the thermosteric contribution to sea level rise as well as the similarity of its spatial structure in comparison with satellite-derived sea level rise suggests that the recent acceleration in sea level rise is explainable to within the error estimates by fluctuations in warming and thermal expansion of the oceans. Received 23 November 2004; accepted 25 May 2005; published 9 September 2005. Keywords: sea level rise; ocean warming; reanalysis. Index Terms: 4513 Oceanography: Physical: Decadal ocean variability (1616, 1635, 3305, 4215); 4556 Oceanography: Physical: Sea level: variations and mean (1222, 1225, 1641); 1616 Global Change: Climate variability (1635, 3305, 3309, 4215, 4513); 4260 Oceanography: General: Ocean data assimilation and reanalysis (3225). JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 110, C03008, doi:10.1029/2004JC002522, 2005 Consistency of long sea-level time series in the northern coast of Spain M. Marcos Grup d'Oceanografia Interdisciplinar, Instituto Mediterraneo de Estudios Avanzados (UIB-CSIC), Mallorca, Spain D. Gomis Grup d'Oceanografia Interdisciplinar, Instituto Mediterraneo de Estudios Avanzados (UIB-CSIC), Mallorca, Spain S. Monserrat Grup d'Oceanografia Interdisciplinar, Instituto Mediterraneo de Estudios Avanzados (UIB-CSIC), Mallorca, Spain E. Álvarez-Fanjul Área del Medio Físico, Puertos del Estado, Madrid, Spain B. Pérez Área del Medio Físico, Puertos del Estado, Madrid, Spain J. García-Lafuente ETSI Telecomunicación, Departamento de Física Aplicada II, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain Abstract Sea-level time series recorded at three stations of the northern Spanish coast (Santander, Coruña, and Vigo) are examined with the aim of obtaining reliable interdecadal trends. The records are about 6 decades long, and their consistency is checked by means of an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. Major benefits of the analysis are the detection of undocumented changes of sea-level reference and the filling of data gaps. For the last decade, the consistency of the trends is also checked against shorter, collocated and nearby records. Results indicate that during the second half of the twentieth century, sea level has been rising at a rate of 2.12, 2.51, and 2.91 mm/yr in Santander, Coruña, and Vigo, respectively. Meteorologically induced trends are evaluated from the output of a sea-level numerical model forced by a re-analysis of 44 years of atmospheric data. Results are −0.44, −0.27, and −0.21 mm/yr, respectively, indicating that in the study region the meteorological forcing acts in the sense of slightly slowing the sea-level rise. On the other hand, sea-level records and the North Atlantic mean temperature exhibit a similar interannual evolution, which points to the thermosteric effect as responsible for the positive trends. Regarding the difference between stations, about a third of it can be attributed to spatial differences in the meteorological forcing. The remaining contribution is attributed to spatial differences in the increase of the ocean heat contents, as suggested by the analysis of SST series during the last decade. Received 8 June 2004; accepted 11 January 2005; published 8 March 2005. Keywords: sea-level trend; meteorological forcing; steric effect; Northern Spanish coast. Index Terms: 4556 Oceanography: Physical: Sea level: variations and mean (1222, 1225, 1641); 4215 Oceanography: General: Climate and interannual variability (1616, 1635, 3305, 3309, 4513); 4513 Oceanography: Physical: Decadal ocean variability (1616, 1635, 3305, 4215); 4594 Oceanography: Physical: Instruments and techniques. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2005/2004JC002522.shtml

Frigid contrasts

Two views. One of the UN's chief salesman and the other of those who read data, including that of the UN. Here is the scare story, first:

Ban: Warm Antarctica temps show eco-issues

U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said warmer temperatures in Antarctica highlight the dangers of climate change and the need to address them.

Ban has made climate change a priority issue and is seeking international commitments to counter it as an international conference in Bali next month draws closer.

"It is here where our work, together, comes into focus," Ban said in a statement issued from New York. "We see Antarctica's beauty -- and the danger global warming represents, and the urgency that we do something about it."

To bolster his point, Ban said glaciers on King George Island have shrunk by 10 percent, recalled the collapse and disappearance of the "Larsen B ice sheet" several years ago, and warned that the Western Antarctic Ice Shelf is at risk.

"It is all floating ice, one fifth of the entire continent. If it broke up, sea levels could rise by ... 18 feet," he said.

The people who live and work in Antarctica (and at Ohio State) don't seem to be following the party line, if the line made any sense. If the sun explodes, that would be bad too.

Anyway, some disappointed scientists and bloggers:

Antarctic Temperatures Disagree with Climate Model Predictions

A new report on climate over the world’s southernmost continent shows that temperatures during the late 20th century did not climb as had been predicted by many global climate models. This comes soon after the latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that strongly supports the conclusion that the Earth’s climate as a whole is warming, largely due to human activity. [Interesting semantics - strongly supports the conclusion.... Think about what this means and is supposed to mean.]

It also follows a similar finding from last summer by the same research group that showed no increase in precipitation over Antarctica in the last 50 years. Most models predict that both precipitation and temperature will increase over Antarctica with a warming of the planet.

David Bromwich, professor of geography and researcher with the Byrd Polar Research Center at Ohio State University, reported on this work at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at San Francisco.

“It’s hard to see a global warming signal from the mainland of Antarctica right now,” he said. “Part of the reason is that there is a lot of variability there. It’s very hard in these polar latitudes to demonstrate a global warming signal. This is in marked contrast to the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula that is one of the most rapidly warming parts of the Earth.”

Bromwich says that the problem rises from several complications. The continent is vast, as large as the United States and Mexico combined. Only a small amount of detailed data is available – there are perhaps only 100 weather stations on that continent compared to the thousands spread across the U.S. and Europe. And the records that we have only date back a half-century.

“The best we can say right now is that the climate models are somewhat inconsistent with the evidence that we have for the last 50 years from continental Antarctica.

“We’re looking for a small signal that represents the impact of human activity and it is hard to find it at the moment,” he said. ..... LINK
Source: Ohio State University, no longer #1 football school.

I stopped at that point for a reason. Notice, "we're looking" for confirmation of warming, not merely examining data. The "best" he can say is the model is inconsistent (meaning wrong.) Must be a grant at stake. Why else openly reject basic scientific method. At least they are honest about a bias.

The Ohio guy mumbled on about the hole in the ozone affected the sun getting in/temperature, but I think he had things reversed. He calls the hole "ozone depletion" and mentions that 2006 had the largest depletion which should have resulted in more warmth, no? That was a brutally cold period.

I think it was pretty well established by NASA research that the ozone hole is a result of temperature changes in the antarctic, not a cause of them. The colder it is, the bigger the hole. I did a blog on that in the past. I recall because the NASA scientist who wrote the report was cute in her little polar outfit. 2005 and 2006 were cold.

Anyway, the antarctic receives as much solar radiation as the tropics over any given year. [Another NASA tidbit. Great for fruit bar fights] The radiation is reflected away, which causes the cold ground temperature. The article suggests (along with a lot of theories) that the recent decades of higher westerly winds has had a significant affect upon the westerly side, where the shelf broke off.

Below is the beginning of a piece by a group claiming to be the longest climate change web blog, or some such thing. LINK They are not a nay-saying group, nor do they seem to be scientists or hoaxers. I add them to show perspective. Even true believers can work without filters.

World Climate Report

The Web’s Longest-Running Climate Change Blog

September 5, 2007

Antarctica: Warming, Cooling, or Both?

Filed under: Polar, Antarctic —

The ice caps are melting – right? If you visit thousands of websites on climate change, watch Gore’s film or many similar documentaries, you would be left with no doubt that the icecaps are warming and melting at an unprecedented rate. However, with respect to Antarctica, you might be surprised when you examine what the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says in their 2007 Summary for Policymakers.

Believe it or not, IPCC reports “Antarctic sea ice extent continues to show inter-annual variability and localized changes but no statistically significant average trends, consistent with the lack of warming reflected in atmospheric temperatures averaged across the region.”

Furthermore, they note “Current global model studies project that the Antarctic ice sheet will remain too cold for widespread surface melting and is expected to gain in mass due to increased snowfall.”

A major article on this subject appears in a recent issue of the Journal of Climate by William Chapman and John Walsh of the University of Illinois. [Sure hope this is a real journal] The two scientists extensively review the literature on temperature trends in Antarctica and conclude “These studies are essentially unanimous in their finding that the Antarctic Peninsula has warmed since the 1950s, when many of the surface stations were established.” They note

“Recent summaries of station data show that, aside from the Antarctic Peninsula and the McMurdo area, one is hard-pressed to argue that warming has occurred, even at the Antarctic coastal stations away from the peninsula and McMurdo.” Furthermore, they write “Recent attempts to broaden the spatial coverage of temperature estimates have shown a similar lack of evidence of spatially widespread warming.”

We completely agree having covered this subject at World Climate Report many times in the past – there is some warming in Antarctica but it is largely confined to the relatively small peninsula extending away from the bulk of the continent and is largely confined to the winter season (see below – the Antarctic Peninsula extends toward to southern tip of South America....)

The fluctuation of continental near-ground temperatures for the last 35 years, by one study I looked at, was remarkable. The standard deviations impressive, except at the South Pole itself where the changes are almost nil. A cursory look at the data shows some warming on the shore areas, especially the Peninsula, which I take it is that part that aims at South America, where Shackleton eventually got free of the ice. Some interior areas showed big down movements, but not a real trend.

The next few years will be interesting as the solar eruption cycle should be finishing and we will see less radiation hit the earth. We may see some cooler oceans.

SIDEBAR: I took a look at heating degree days for NYS, a NYSERDA site has it. I find it hard to believe, but November, thus far, required significantly more heating than 'normal.' Did it seem cold to you? Last November, was significantly warmer than this year!

More on the Bilderbergers

Good news. I have been forgetting to publish all manner of blogs. I seem to write them, then not publish. So, I have a small stream to divert your way. Here is a revisiting of new world government conspiracies:

The list of Bilderberger invitees for 2007 is below. You will recognize many names and more jobs.

There is a new book available on the Bilderbergers by Daniel Estulin.

Estulin responds to claims of his believing in "conspiracy theories" by mentioning to his accuser that they must believe in "coincidence theories."

There is also a movie "Endgame" by an increasingly strident filmmaker. Here he is his in 1993 being arrested because he refused to give a thumbprint and blood sample in order to get a driver's license. On Youtube, you can find more, as well as trailers for Endgame, which alleges the Bilderberger aim to reduce the population by 80 percent. He may be over the top, but the more you learn, the more open you become amenable to suspicion.

So, below are the folks who were invited this year in Turkey to meed in secret. The USA attendees had CIA protection and MI5 for the Brits.

Estulin was detained for 10 hours upon arrival. Just coincidence, probably.

If these guys are not 100 percent delusional, you should not sleep well. Estluin's advice is you can be free of the control being carefully placed on us by getting out of debt and staying there. It is through credit and monetary manipulation, he alleges, that the bankers extend their control. He indicated that taking a hit on the bad loans is a mild dent well worth the cost of locking in the rest of us. Having everyone working to pay down debt is a very profitable business. He says the Bildebergers are focused on resources, such as oil.

So, do you feel like your house owns you, rather then the other way around? The new "Road To Serfdom?" Not everyone can cash out or the market crashes and we are all upside down investors.

Notice names like Rockefeller and Rothschild, as well as the companies represented. If you are a current events fan, you will recognize a few names associated with Bush and Clinton administrations. Notice the news media power represented. The best way to run a conspiracy may be to have the media in on it. Then, wonder who sends out the invitations.

If a meeting where the U.S. VP meets with oil guys about energy, but won't tell anyone what they said upsets you, consider these folks chowing down for a few days under a cloak of secrecy. Why invite the media under a promise of silence? What else could they be useful for? Inquiring minds want to know.

BILDERBERG 2007 INVITED GUESTS

(According to www.bilderberg.org)

Ali Babacan, Minister of Economic Affairs (Turkey)

Kemal Derviş, Administrator, UNDP (Turkey)

Mustafa V. Koç, Chairman, Koç Holding A.Ş. (Turkey)

Fehmi Koru, Senior Writer, Yeni Şafak (Turkey)

George Alogoskoufis, Minister of Economy and Finance (Greece)

Edward Balls, Economic Secretary to the Treasury (UK)

Francisco Pinto Balsemão, Chairman and CEO, IMPRESA, S.G.P.S.; Former Prime Minister (Portugal)

José M. Durão Barroso, President, European Commission (Portugal/International)

Franco Bernabé, Vice Chairman, Rothschild Europe (Italy)

Nicolas Beytout, Editor-in-Chief, Le Figaro (France)

Carl Bildt, Former Prime Minister (Sweden)

Hubert Burda, Publisher and CEO, Hubert Burda Media Holding (Belgium)

Philippe Camus, CEO, EADS (France)

Henri de Castries, Chairman of the Management Board and CEO, AXA (France)

Juan Luis Cebrian, Grupo PRISA media group (Spain)

Kenneth Clark, Member of Parliament (UK)

Timothy C. Collins, Senior Managing Director and CEO, Ripplewood Holdings, LLC (USA)

Bertrand Collomb, Chairman, Lafarge (France)

George A. David, Chairman, Coca-Cola H.B.C. S.A. (USA)

Anders Eldrup, President, DONG A/S (Denmark)

John Elkann, Vice Chairman, Fiat S.p.A (Italy)

Martin S. Feldstein, President and CEO, National Bureau of Economic Research (USA)

Timothy F. Geithner, President and CEO, Federal Reserve Bank of New York (USA)

Paul A. Gigot, Editor of the Editorial Page, The Wall Street Journal (USA)

Dermot Gleeson, Chairman, AIB Group (Ireland)

Donald E. Graham, Chairman and CEO, The Washington Post Company (USA)

Victor Halberstadt, Professor of Economics, Leiden University, (the Netherlands)

Jean-Pierre Hansen, CEO, Suez-Tractebel S.A. (Belgium)

Richard N. Haass, President, Council on Foreign Relations (USA)

Richard C. Holbrooke, Vice Chairman, Perseus, LLC (USA)

Jaap G. Hoop de Scheffer, Secretary General, NATO (the Netherlands/International)

Allan B. Hubbard, Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, Director National Economic Council (USA)

Josef Joffe, Publisher-Editor, Die Zeit (Germany)

James A. Johnson, Vice Chairman, Perseus, LLC (USA)

Vernon E. Jordan, Jr., Senior Managing Director, Lazard Frères & Co. LLC (USA)

Anatole Kaletsky, Editor at Large, The Times (UK)

John Kerr of Kinlochard, Deputy Chairman, Royal Dutch Shell plc (the Netherlands)

Henry A. Kissinger, Chairman, Kissinger Associates (USA)

Bernard Kouchner, Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)

Henry R. Kravis, Founding Partner, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (USA)

Marie-Josée Kravis, Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute, Inc. (USA)

Neelie Kroes, Commissioner, European Commission (the Netherlands/International)

Ed Kronenburg, Director of the Private Office, NATO Headquarters (International)

William J. Luti, Special Assistant to the President for Defense Policy and Strategy, National Security Council (USA)

Jessica T. Mathews, President, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (USA)

Frank McKenna, Ambassador to the US, member Carlyle Group (Canada)

Thierry de Montbrial, President, French Institute for International Relations (France)

Mario Monti, President, Universita Commerciale Luigi Bocconi (Italy)

Craig J. Mundie, Chief Technical Officer Advanced Strategies and Policy, Microsoft Corporation (USA)

Egil Myklebust, Chairman of the Board of Directors SAS, Norsk Hydro ASA (Norway)

Matthias Nass, Deputy Editor, Die Zeit (Germany)

Adnrzej Olechowski, Leader Civic Platform (Poland)

Jorma Ollila, Chairman, Royal Dutch Shell plc/Nokia (Finland)

George Osborne, Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer (UK)

Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa, Minister of Finance (Italy)

Richard N. Perle, Resident Fellow, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (USA)

Heather Reisman, Chair and CEO, Indigo Books & Music Inc. (Canada)

David Rockefeller (USA)

Matías Rodriguez Inciarte, Executive Vice Chairman, Grupo Santander Bank, (Spain)

Dennis B. Ross, Director, Washington Institute for Near East Policy (USA)

Otto Schily, Former Minister of Interior Affairs (Germany)

Jürgen E. Schrempp, Former Chairman of the Board of management, DaimlerChrysler AG (Germany)

Tøger Seidenfaden, Executive Editor-in-Chief, Politiken (Denmark)

Peter D. Sutherland, Chairman, BP plc and Chairman, Goldman Sachs International (Ireland)

Giulio Tremonti, Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)

Jean-Claude Trichet, Governor, European Central Bank (France/International)

John Vinocur, Senior Correspondent, International Herald Tribune (USA)

Jacob Wallenberg, Chairman, Investor AB (Sweden)

Martin H. Wolf, Associate Editor, The Financial Times (UK)

James D. Wolfensohn, Special Envoy for the Gaza Disengagement (USA)

Robert B. Zoellick, Deputy Secretary of State (USA)

Klaus Zumwinkel, Chairman of the Board of management, Deutsche Post AG (USA)

Adrian D. Wooldridge, Foreign Correspondent, The Economist

Linus Pauling and Orthomolecular Medicine for Cardiovascular Health

I did some homework in response to a few conversations, requests, and the recent death of a buddy.

Below, is a cut and past job worthy of any college student today. By which I mean I don't really know the science, I just know where to look for things. Like Cicero said, lawyers are the great generalists.

The first part is a backgrounder on Pauling. Contrary to my blog theme, I am introducing the messenger as an important aspect to consider when sorting out the message. I do this as he has been an often attacked messenger, so you may as well understand he was a clever guy. Pauling's work on Vitamin C and cancer was attacked and one of those lovely dialectical discussions followed where scientists showed they never protect their turf, their funding sources, and egos. I will included the Vitamin C war. The research goes on at the Pauling Institute(OSU).

The goal of this entry is to get a handle on his view of "hardening" of the arteries, which Pauling saw as the body's defense mechanism against chronic scurvy, not a disease. From this perspective he and his institute, after his death, worked out ways to avoid and treat heart and circulatory difficulties. Also, his theory explains the localization of plaque to high stress areas - where an artery would need repair. [Recall a prior blog where I discussed "Asian" Flu deaths are the result of acute scurvy, hence maga doses of Vitamin C will prevent death in most instances - a non-billion dollar solution]

The use of l-lysine, l-carnitine and nicotinic acid (aka niacin or Vitamin B3) should be part of any regime designed to reduce blood pressure and roto rooter the arteries, as specialists would likely say. Chromium ain't bad either. I take Emergen-C (WalMart of all places) which provides an excellent foundation and also bubbles in various flavors. As for carnitine and lysine, I don't take a supplement, as vegetables should provide enough. Any amino acid supplement should contain plenty. Isn't there a Mrs. Bragg's soy-sauce stuff in the health food store that is an amino acid boost? Check it out, if you need to bring down pressure.

Linus Pauling

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Linus Pauling
Linus Pauling in 1954
Born	February 28, 1901(1901-02-28) Oswego, Oregon, U.S.
Died	August 19, 1994 (aged 93) Big Sur, California, U.S.
Residence	United States
Nationality	United States
Field	Quantum chemistry Biochemistry
Institutions	Caltech, UCSD, Stanford
Alma mater	Oregon State University Caltech
Academic advisor	Roscoe G. Dickinson
Notable students	Jerry Donohue Martin Karplus Matthew Meselson
Known for	Elucidating the nature of chemical bonds and the structures of molecules. Advocating nuclear disarmament.
Notable prizes	Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1954) Nobel Peace Prize (1962)
Religion	Raised Lutheran, Unitarian Universalist, atheist as an adult
Richard Chase Tolman taught Pauling quantum mechanics after his PhD and was thus an important influence.

Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American quantum chemist and biochemist. He was also acknowledged as a crystallographer, molecular biologist, and medical researcher. Pauling is regarded by many as the premier chemist of the twentieth century, especially for the versatility of his contributions. He pioneered the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry, and in 1954 was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work describing the nature of chemical bonds. He also made important contributions to crystal and protein structure determination, and was one of the founders of molecular biology. He came near to discovering the "double helix," the ultrastructure of DNA, which Franklin, Watson and Crick discovered in 1953. Pauling is noted as a versatile scholar for his expertise in inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, metallurgy, immunology, anesthesiology, psychology, debate, radioactive decay, and the aftermath of nuclear warfare, in addition to quantum mechanics and molecular biology.

The skipped portion of his diverse career can be found HERE

Molecular medicine and medical research

National Library of Medicine portrait

In 1941, at age 40, Pauling was diagnosed with a serious form of Bright’s disease, a fatal renal disease. Experts believed then that Bright's disease was untreatable. With the help of Dr. Thomas Addis at Stanford, Pauling was able to control the disease with Addis' then unusual, low protein, salt-free diet. Addis also prescribed vitamins and minerals for all his patients.

In 1951, Pauling gave a lecture entitled, "Molecular Medicine".^[13] In the late 1950s, Pauling worked on the role of enzymes in brain function, believing that mental illness may be partly caused by enzyme dysfunction. It wasn't until he read "Niacin Therapy in Psychiatry" by Abram Hoffer in 1965 that he realized that vitamins might have important biochemical effects unrelated to their prevention of associated deficiency diseases. Pauling published a brief paper, "Orthomolecular Psychiatry", in the journal Science in 1968 (PMID 5641253) that gave name and principle to the popular but controversial megavitamin therapy movement of the 1970s. Pauling coined the term "orthomolecular" to refer to the practice of varying the concentration of substances normally present in the body to prevent and treat disease. His ideas formed the basis of orthomolecular medicine, which is not generally practiced by conventional medical professionals and is strongly criticized by some.^[14][15]

Linus Pauling's popular and influential book How to Live Longer and Feel Better, first published in 1986, advocated very high doses of Vitamin C.

Pauling's work on vitamin C in his later years generated controversy and was originally regarded by some adversaries in the field of medicine as outright quackery.^[16] He was first introduced to the concept of high-dose vitamin C by biochemist Irwin Stone in 1966 and began taking several grams every day to prevent colds. Excited by the results, he researched the clinical literature and published "Vitamin C and the Common Cold" in 1970. He began a long clinical collaboration with the British cancer surgeon, Ewan Cameron,^[17] in 1971 on the use of intravenous and oral vitamin C as cancer therapy for terminal patients. Cameron and Pauling wrote many technical papers and a popular book, "Cancer and Vitamin C", that discussed their observations. Three prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trials were conducted by Moertel et al. at the Mayo Clinic; all three failed to prove a benefit for megadoses of vitamin C in cancer patients.^[18] Pauling denounced Charles Moertel's conclusions and handling of the final study as "fraud and deliberate misrepresentation."^[19][20] Pauling then published critiques of the second Mayo-Moertel cancer trial's flaws over several years as he was able to slowly unearth some of the trial's undisclosed details.^[21] However, the wave of adverse publicity generated by Moertel and the media effectively undercut Pauling's credibility and his vitamin C work for a generation,^[22] the oncological mainstream continued with other avenues of treatment.^[23] {Note from Gene: Moertel died at age 66, Pauling 93. His New York Times epitaph had as one of a few highlights, his studies showing Vitamin C and Laetrile don't work - contrary to studies outside the U.S.}

Always precariously perched since his molecular biologically inspired crusade to stop atmospheric nuclear testing in the 1950s,^[24] the 1985 Mayo-Moertel confrontation left Pauling isolated from his institutional funding sources, academic support and a bemused public. He later collaborated with the Canadian physician, Abram Hoffer,^[25] on a micronutrient regimen, including high-dose vitamin C, as adjunctive cancer therapy.

As of 2006, new evidence of high-dose Vitamin C efficacy was proposed by a Canadian group of researchers. These researchers observed longer-than expected survival times in three patients treated with high doses of intravenous Vitamin C.^[26] The researchers are reportedly planning a new Phase I clinical trial ^[27] The selective toxicity of vitamin C for cancer cells has been demonstrated in-vitro (i.e., in a cell culture Petri dish), and was reported in 2005. ^[28] The combination of case-report data and preclinical information suggest biological plausibility and the possibility of clinical efficacy at the possible expense of critical toxicity at active doses; future clinical testing will ultimately determine the utility and safety of intravenous high-dose Vitamin C treatments for patients with cancer. Researchers released a paper demonstrating in-vitro vitamin C killing of cancer cells in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2006^[29].

With two colleagues, Pauling founded the Institute of Orthomolecular Medicine in Menlo Park, California, in 1973, which was soon renamed the Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine. Pauling directed research on vitamin C, but also continued his theoretical work in chemistry and physics until his death. In his last years, he became especially interested in the possible role of vitamin C in preventing atherosclerosis and published three case reports on the use of lysine and vitamin C to relieve angina pectoris. In 1996, the Linus Pauling Institute moved from Palo Alto, California, to Corvallis, Oregon, to become part of Oregon State University, where it continues to conduct research on micronutrients, phytochemicals (chemicals from plants), and other constituents of the diet in preventing and treating disease. Several of the employees that had previously worked at the Linus Pauling Institute in Palo Alto moved on to form the Genetic Information Research Institute.

His heart "disease" theory is explained in an article provided by a vitamin web site, which is not exactly a primary source, but it is in English:

Vitamin C & Heart Health

Linus Pauling’s Collagen Connection

By Jim English and Hyla Cass, MD

Collagen is the protein that forms connective fibers in tissues such as skin, ligaments, cartilage, bones and teeth. Collagen also acts as a kind of intracellular glue that gives support, shape and bulk to blood vessels, bones, and organs such as the heart, kidneys and liver. Collagen fibers keep bones and blood vessels strong, and help to anchor our teeth to our gums. Collagen is also required for the repair of blood vessels, bruises, and broken bones. As the most abundant protein in the body, collagen accounts for more mass than all the other proteins put together.

Vitamin C -- along with the amino acids proline and lysine -- is essential for the formation of healthy collagen. Many vitamins and minerals act as catalysts to support the manufacture of proteins. In the case of collagen, however, vitamin C is actually used up as it combines with two amino acids -- lysine and proline -- to form procollagen. Procollagen is then used to manufacture one of several types of collagen found in different tissues throughout the body. There are at least fourteen different types of collagen, but the most common ones are:

Type I: Makes up the fibers found in connective tissues of the skin, bone, teeth, tendons and ligaments.

Type II: Round fibers found in cartilage.

Type III: Forms connective tissues that give shape and strength to organs, such as the liver, heart, kidneys, etc.

Type IV: Forms sheets that lie between layers of cells in the blood vessels, muscles, and eye.

Vitamin C Deficiency Equals Collagen Deficiency
Our body is continually manufacturing collagen to maintain and repair connective tissues lost to daily wear and tear. Without vitamin C, collagen formation is disrupted, resulting in a wide variety of problems throughout the body. Scurvy, the disease caused by vitamin C deficiency, is really a process that disrupts the body’s ability to manufacture collagen and connective tissues. With scurvy, the body literally falls apart as collagen is broken down and not replaced. The joints begin to wear down as tendons shrivel and weaken. The blood vessels crumble and begin to fall apart, leading to bruising and bleeding as vessels rupture (hemorrhage) throughout the body. Teeth loosen and fall out as the gums and the connective tissues holding teeth also begin to erode. Organs, once held firmly together by connective tissues, also lose structural strength and begin to fail. In time, the various body tissues weaken, the immune system and heart give out, leading to death.

Linus Pauling Challenges Cholesterol Theories
In 1989, the eminent American scientist and two-time Nobel Prize winner, Linus Pauling, announced a breakthrough in how we view and treat heart disease. In A Unified Theory of Human Cardiovascular Disease, Linus Pauling announced that the deposits of plaque seen in atherosclerosis were not the cause of heart disease, but were actually the result of our bodies trying to repair the damage caused by long-term vitamin C deficiency. In essence, Pauling believed that heart disease is a form of scurvy, and plaque is the body’s attempt to reinforce and patch weakened blood vessels and arteries that would otherwise rupture. Pauling also showed that heart disease can be prevented or treated by taking vitamin C and other supplements (Fig. 1).

Plaque Deposits
Pauling based his revolutionary theory on a number of important scientific findings. First was the discovery that plaque deposits found in human aortas are made up of a special form of cholesterol called lipoprotein (a) or Lp(a), not from ordinary LDL cholesterol. Lp(a) is a special form of LDL cholesterol that forms the thick sheets of plaque that obstruct arteries.

Another finding central to Pauling’s theory was the observation that plaque deposits are not formed randomly throughout the circulatory system. This was first reported in the early 1950s when a Canadian doctor, G. C. Willis, MD, observed that plaque always forms nearest the heart, where blood vessels and arteries are constantly being stretched and bent, rather than being spread evenly throughout the entire cardiovascular system. Willis also noted that plaque deposits always occur in regions that are exposed to the highest blood pressures, such as the aorta, where blood is forcefully ejected from the heart.

In 1985, a team of researchers verified that plaque only forms in areas of the artery that become damaged. Just as cracks form in a garden hose that has become weak and worn from constant bending and high-pressure, cracks form in the lining of the arterial wall. As these tiny cracks open up they expose strands of the amino acid lysine (one of the primary components of collagen) to the blood stream. It is these strands that initially attract Lp(a). Lp(a) is an especially sticky form of cholesterol that is attracted to lysine. Drawn to the break, Lp(a) begins to collect and attach to the exposed strands. As Lp(a) covers the lysine strands, free lysine in the blood is drawn to the growing deposit. Over time, this process continues as lysine and Lp(a) are both drawn from the blood to build ever-larger deposits of plaque. This process gradually reduces the inner diameter of the vessels and restricts its capacity to carry the blood.

Heart Disease as Low-Level Scurvy
Observing the newly described process of plaque formation, Pauling recognized a similarity to underlying processes seen in scurvy. He also saw similarities between human and animal models of atherosclerosis that pointed to a connection with scurvy. First, cardiovascular disease does not occur in any of the animals that are able to manufacture their own vitamin C. Many animals produce large amounts of vitamin C that are equivalent to human doses ranging from ten to twenty grams per day. Second, the only animals that produce Lp(a) are those which, like man, have also lost the ability to produce their own vitamin C, such as apes and guinea pigs.

Putting all the pieces of the puzzle together, Pauling suggested that the ability to form plaque is really the body’s attempt to repair damage caused by a long-term deficiency of vitamin C. He knew that our ancestors lived in tropical regions where the diet consisted primarily of fruits and vegetables. With a daily intake estimated to be in the range of several hundred milligrams to several grams per day, our ancestors easily survived without the gene required to manufacture vitamin C. Almost unnoticed, this mutation was passed on to successive generations, and only became a problem when early humans began to spread to other regions of the world. In effect, when humankind left the garden, the lack of a reliable and adequate supply of dietary vitamin C led to scurvy.

Pauling thought that scurvy was one of the greatest threats to humankind’s early survival, and believed that the loss of blood during times of vitamin C deficiency, particularly during the Ice Ages, likely brought humans close to the point of extinction.

Plaque as a Life Saver?
The core of Pauling’s theory is that, over time, the body developed a repair mechanism that allowed it to cope with the damage caused by chronic vitamin C deficiency. The repair mechanism is as elegant as it is simple. When arteries became weak and began to rupture, the body responded by gluing the damaged areas together with Lp(a) to prevent a slow death from internal bleeding. In essence, plaque is the body’s attempt to patch blood vessels damaged by low-level scurvy. Accordingly, Pauling believed that conventional triggers of plaque formation, such as homocysteine and oxidized cholesterol, are actually just additional symptoms of scurvy.

Scientific Support for the Pauling Unified Theory
Pauling’s theory was unique in that it addressed a fact never explained by older, mainstream theories. Specifically, Pauling finally explained why plaque isn’t randomly distributed throughout the body, but restricted to areas of high mechanical stress. A surprising number of animal studies have been found to support Pauling’s theory. Research conducted with animals that cannot make their own vitamin C found that when vitamin C levels are reduced, collagen production drops and blood vessels become thinner and weaker. Additional studies also confirm that when animals are deprived of vitamin C, their bodies respond by increasing blood levels of Lp(a) and forming plaque deposits to strengthen arteries and prevent vessel ruptures.

Collagen Melts Plaque, Keeps Arteries Open
In addition to taking vitamin C to prevent atherosclerosis, Pauling recommended a combination of vitamin C and the amino acids lysine and proline to help remove existing plaque while strengthening weak and damaged arteries. As mentioned previously, the body produces collagen from lysine and proline. Pauling reasoned that by increasing concentrations of lysine and proline in the blood, Lp(a) molecules would bind with the free lysine, rather than with the lysine strands exposed by the cracks in blood vessels.

How Much Vitamin C Does it Take to Prevent Atherosclerosis?
While acute scurvy can be prevented by a mere 10 mg vitamin C per day, there is no current research showing how much vitamin C might be required to prevent the atherosclerotic plaques of chronic scurvy. In his Unified Theory, Linus Pauling often recommended 3,000 to 5,000 mg per day as an effective dose. Anecdotal reports from patients using the Pauling Therapy indicate that rapid recovery is frequently the rule, not the exception, allowing many people to avoid open heart surgery and angioplasty.

Pauling Therapy for the Reversal of Heart Disease
1. Vitamin C: to bowel tolerance - as much as you can take without diarrhea. For most people this will be in the range of five to ten grams (5,000-10,000 mg.) each day. Spread this amount into two equal doses 12 hours apart. (Vitamin C prevents further cracking of the blood vessel wall - the beginning of the disease.)

2. L-Proline: 3 grams twice per day (acts to release lipoprotein(a) from plaque formation and prevent further deposition of same).

3. L-Lysine: 3 grams twice each day (acts to release lipoprotein(a) from plaque formation and prevent further deposition of same).

4. Co-enzyme Q10: 90-180 mg. twice per day (strengthens the heart muscle).

5. L-Carnitine: 3 grams twice per day (also strengthens the heart muscle).

6. Niacin: Decreases production of lipoprotein(a) in the liver. Inositol hexanicotinate is a form of niacin which gives less of a problem with flushing and therefore allows for larger therapeutic doses. Begin with 250 mg. at lunch, 500 mg. at dinner and 500 mg. at bedtime the first day; then increase gradually over a few days until you reach four grams per day, or the highest dose under four grams you can tolerate. Be sure to ask your doctor for liver enzyme level tests every two months or less to be sure your liver is able to handle the dose you are taking.

7. Vitamin E: 800-2400 IU per day. (Inhibits proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the walls of arteries undergoing the atherosclerotic changes.)

References:
1. Marcoux C; Lussier-Cacan S; Davignon J; Cohn JS. Association of Lp(a) rather than integrally-bound apo(a) with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins of human subjects. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997 Jun 23;1346(3):261-74.

2. Ensenat D, Hassan S, Reyna SV, Schafer AI, Durante W. Transforming growth factor-b1 stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell L-proline transport by inducing system A amino acid transporter 2 (SAT2) gene expression. Biochem. J. (2001) 360, (507–512)

3. White AL; Lanford RE. Cell surface assembly of lipoprotein(a) in primary cultures of baboon hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 1994 Nov 18;269(46):28716-23.

4. Klezovitch O; Edelstein C; Scanu AM. Evidence that the fibrinogen binding domain of Apo(a) is outside the lysine binding site of kringle IV-10: a study involving naturally occurring lysine binding defective lipoprotein(a) phenotypes. J Clin Invest 1996 Jul 1;98(1):185-91.

5. Boonmark NW; Lou XJ; Yang ZJ; Schwartz K; Zhang JL; Rubin EM; Lawn RM. Modification of apolipoprotein(a) lysine binding site reduces atherosclerosis in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 1997 Aug 1;100(3):558-64.

6. Phillips J; Roberts G; Bolger C; el Baghdady A; Bouchier-Hayes D; Farrell M; Collins P. Lipoprotein (a): a potential biological marker for unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1997 May;40(5):1112-5; discussion 1115-7.

7. Stubbs P; Seed M; Moseley D; O’Connor B; Collinson P; Noble M. A prospective study of the role of lipoprotein(a) in the pathogenesis of unstable angina. Eur Heart J 1997 Apr;18(4):603-7.

8. Shinozaki K; Kambayashi J; Kawasaki T; Uemura Y; Sakon M; Shiba E; Shibuya T; Nakamura T; Mori T. The long-term effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on serum levels of lipoprotein (a) and lipids in patients with vascular disease. J Atheroscler Thromb 1996;2(2):107-9.

9. McCully KS, Homocysteine metabolism in scurvy, growth and arteriosclerosis. Nature 1971;231:391-392.

10. Pauling L, Rath M. Pro. Nat. Acad. Sci USA, Vol 87, pp 9388-9390, Dec 1990.

11. Carr AC, Frei B. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;69(6):1086-1107.

12. Simon JA, Hudes ES. Serum ascorbic acid and gallbladder disease prevalence among US adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(7):931-936.

13. Stephen R, Utecht T. Scurvy identified in the emergency department: a case report. Journal of Emerg Med. 2001;21(3):235-237.

14. Cameron E, Pauling L. Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976;73(10):3685-3689


For more on Pauling:

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Linus Pauling

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Linus C. Pauling

• Francis Crick: The Impact of Linus Pauling on Molecular Biology (from the 1995 Oregon State University symposium): [1]
• The Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers at the Oregon State University Libraries
• The Pauling Catalogue
• Linus Pauling (1901-1994)
• National Academy of Sciences biography
• Caltech oral history interview
• Berkeley Conversations With History interview
• Scans of 46 of Linus Pauling's research notebooks from 1922 to 1994
• Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA: A Documentary History
• Linus Pauling and the Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History
• Linus Pauling, Hemoglobin and Sickle Cell Anemia: A Documentary History
• Linus Pauling's Honors, Awards and Medals
• Linus Pauling Centenary Exhibit
• Linus Pauling from The Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography
• Linus Pauling Investigates Vitamin C
• The Dark Side of Linus Pauling's Legacy
• The introduction to Linus Pauling and The Chemistry of Life
• The Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University and
• Biography: "Scientist for The Ages" at The Linus Pauling Institute
• The Many Lives of Linus Pauling: A Review of Reviews J. Chem. Educ.
• Pauling's CV
• Publications of Pauling